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 INTRODUCTION The first step towards safety regulations for clinical laboratories was initiated by OSHA(Occupational Safety and Health Administration) and CDC(Centre for Disease Control and prevention) in 1970 when they published numerous safety standards in a clinical set up (1). Later in 1988, OSHA expanded the hazard communication standard to apply to hospital workers, which is frequently referred to as the “lab right to know standard” (1). They insisted that management should be committed to safety of its employees and it should increase health and safety awareness among employees through proper educational programs. HAZARDS Hazards in a clinical laboratory can be broadly classified into chemical hazards, electrical hazards, fire hazards & bio- hazards. CHEMICAL HAZARDS AND ITS MANAGEMENT Common chemical hazards found in a lab are Explosives, Compressed gases, Flammables, Oxidizers, Toxic materials, and Corrosive materials (4). FLAMMABLES: Substances which have a flash point or

  Store Laboratory Glassware Using Lab Equipment Storage The heart of every scientific laboratory beats with precision, and the key to that precision lies in having the right tools at your disposal. Lab glassware is the unsung hero of research, enabling scientists to perform experiments, analyze samples, and ensure accurate results. Whether you're a seasoned researcher or just setting up your own lab, this comprehensive guide will walk you through the essential lab glassware you need to equip your laboratory for success. Beakers : Beakers are a fundamental piece of lab glassware, available in various sizes. They are versatile and used for mixing, heating, and storing liquids. Flasks : Erlenmeyer Flask : The conical shape makes it ideal for mixing and storing liquids, especially when you need to minimize evaporation. Volumetric Flask : Designed for precise volume measurements, these flasks are crucial for preparin

. BMLS103-18- BASICS OF BIOCHEMISTRY Theory Aims /learning Objectives: The main objective of the subject is to impart the knowledge of apparatus, units, equipments, volumetric analysis in the laboratory of clinical Biochemistry. 1. Introduction to Medical lab Technology.       (a) Role of Medical lab Technologist,      (b) Ethics and responsibility,       (c) Safety measures      (d) First aid . https://iasst.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Labsafety_Manual_IASST_DS2.pdf 2. Cleaning and care of general laboratory glass ware and equipments.       (a) Steps involved in cleaning soda lime glass        (b) Steps involved in cleaning borosil glass.      (c) Preparation of chromic acid solution .       (d) Sto rage. Cleaning of Glassware https://webpath.med.utah.edu/HISTHTML/MANUALS/ACIDGLAS.PDF Preparation & Procedure of Chromic Acid 3. Distilled water.       (a) Method of preparation of distilled water       (b) Type of water distillation plants        (c) Storage of distilled water

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A 60-year-old male with end-stage renal disease due to diabetic nephropathy, controlled hypertension, and no malignancy history is slated for kidney transplantation. However, pre-transplant assessments unveil the presence of anti-HLA antibodies in his serum, prompting concerns regarding potential rejection of the transplant. This finding underscores the importance of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching in organ transplantation to minimize the risk of immune-mediated rejection. HLA typing plays a crucial role in assessing compatibility between the donor and recipient, as mismatched HLA antigens can trigger immune responses leading to graft rejection. The presence of anti-HLA antibodies suggests sensitization, which may result from prior transplants, blood transfusions, or pregnancies. Consequently, meticulous immunological evaluation and management strategies are imperative to optimize transplant outcomes and mitigate the risk of rejection in this patient.  Q.1. Explain the importanc

 A 45-year-old male presents with progressive weakness, numbness, difficulty walking, and balance issues. He reports recent blurred vision and intermittent headaches. Neurological examination suggests bilateral upper and lower motor neuron involvement. MRI reveals multiple hyperintense lesions in the brain and spinal cord. A lumbar puncture is performed for CSF analysis. This case raises concerns about possible demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS), given the clinical presentation and MRI findings. CSF analysis may show elevated protein levels, oligoclonal bands, and an increased white blood cell count, supporting the diagnosis of MS. Additionally, cytological examination of the CSF may aid in ruling out infectious or malignant etiologies. Further diagnostic workup, including immunohistochemistry on brain biopsy specimens, may be necessary for definitive diagnosis and appropriate management. Q.1. What neuropathological techniques can be employed to analyze the cerebro