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Pathology Question BANK 3

  TWO MARKS QUESTIONS

1. Define cellular adaptation. (L1)
Cellular adaptation is the reversible change in size, number, or function of cells in response to stress.

2. What is apoptosis? (L1)
Apoptosis is programmed cell death that occurs in a controlled and energy-dependent manner.

3. What is necrosis? (L1)
Necrosis is uncontrolled cell death caused by injury, leading to inflammation.

4. Define inflammation and mention its two main types briefly.

Inflammation is tissue response to injury; types are acute and chronic.

5. Define inflammation. (L1)
Inflammation is the protective response of tissues to injury or infection.

6. Name the cardinal signs of inflammation. (L1)
Redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function.

7. What is infection and how does it affect body tissues?

Infection is invasion of pathogens causing tissue damage and inflammation.

8. Define immunity and name its two main types briefly.

Immunity is defense against pathogens; innate and acquired types.

9. What is tissue repair? (L1)
The process of restoring tissue structure and function after injury.

10. Define infection. (L1)
Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in the body.

11. What is a gene? (L1)
A gene is a unit of heredity made of DNA that controls traits.

12. Define mutation. (L1)
A mutation is a permanent change in the DNA sequence.

13. What is genetic disorder? (L1)
A disease caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes.

14. Define neoplasm. (L1)
A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue due to uncontrolled cell growth.

15. What is benign tumor? (L1)
A non-cancerous tumor that does not invade or spread.

16. Define neoplasia and differentiate between benign and malignant tumors.

Neoplasia is abnormal growth; benign is non-invasive, malignant spreads.

17. Define cell injury. (L1)
Cell injury is damage to a cell caused by harmful stimuli.

18. Name two causes of cell injury. (L1)
Hypoxia and toxins.

19. What is reversible cell injury? (L1)
Cell damage that can return to normal if the stimulus is removed.

20. What is reversible cell injury and how can it be identified?

Temporary damage; cells return to normal if cause removed.

21. Define atrophy. (L1)
Decrease in size of cells leading to reduced organ size.

22. Define hypertrophy. (L1)
Increase in cell size causing enlargement of an organ.

23. Define hyperplasia and differentiate it from hypertrophy briefly.

Hyperplasia increases cell number; hypertrophy increases cell size.

24. What are premalignant lesions and why are they clinically significant?

Lesions that may become cancerous if untreated.

25. What is a premalignant lesion? (L1)
A condition that has a high risk of developing into cancer.

26. Give one example of premalignant lesion. (L1)
Leukoplakia.

27. On what basis are tumors classified? (L2)
Based on behavior (benign/malignant), origin, and histology.

28. What are systemic manifestations of inflammation? (L1)
Fever, leukocytosis, and increased ESR.

29. Name two types of inflammation. (L1)
Acute and chronic inflammation.

30. Define shock. (L1)
Shock is a life-threatening condition due to inadequate tissue perfusion.

Write about atrophy and mention one common cause of it.

Atrophy is a decrease in cell size leading to reduced organ size; a common cause is disuse (lack of activity).

What is the role of white blood cells in immune defence?

White blood cells protect the body by destroying pathogens and producing antibodies to fight infections.

FOUR MARKS  QUESTIONS

1. Define infection and immunity and list the basic types of immunity.

Answer:
Infection is the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in the body.
Immunity is the body’s ability to resist infection.
Types: innate immunity and acquired immunity.

2. What is inflammation? Name the cardinal signs and basic types of inflammation.

Answer:
Inflammation is a protective response of tissues to injury or infection.
Cardinal signs: redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function.
Types: acute and chronic inflammation.

3. Explain the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia with suitable examples.

Answer:
Hypertrophy is an increase in cell size (e.g., cardiac muscle enlargement).
Hyperplasia is an increase in cell number (e.g., endometrial thickening).
Both result in organ enlargement but differ in mechanism.

4. Describe the differences between innate and acquired immunity with examples.

Answer:
Innate immunity is non-specific and immediate (e.g., skin barrier).
Acquired immunity is specific and develops over time (e.g., antibodies after infection or vaccination).

5. Summarize the stages involved in acute inflammation process.

Answer:
Stages include:

1. Vasodilation

2. Increased vascular permeability

3. Leukocyte migration

4. Phagocytosis
   These help eliminate harmful agents and initiate healing.

6. Differentiate benign and malignant tumors based on growth, invasion, and metastasis.

Answer:
Benign tumors: slow growth, localized, no invasion or metastasis.
Malignant tumors: rapid growth, invade tissues, metastasize to distant organs.

7. Differentiate bacterial and viral infections based on immune response and clinical features.

Answer:
Bacterial infections often cause pus formation and neutrophil response.
Viral infections involve lymphocytes and may cause systemic symptoms like fever and fatigue.

8. Analyze the pathogenesis of shock and classify its major types briefly.

Answer:
Shock is inadequate tissue perfusion leading to organ failure.
Types: hypovolemic, cardiogenic, septic, anaphylactic.
Pathogenesis involves reduced cardiac output and impaired circulation.

9. Examine the role of genetic mutations in development of inherited diseases with examples.

Answer:
Genetic mutations alter gene function, leading to abnormal proteins.
Examples: sickle cell anemia (point mutation), Down syndrome (chromosomal abnormality).
These affect structure and function of organs.

10. Analyze premalignant lesions and their progression into malignant neoplasia.

Answer:
Premalignant lesions show abnormal cell growth (dysplasia).
With genetic mutations, they may progress to carcinoma.
Early detection can prevent malignant transformation.

TEN MARKS QUESTIONS

Question:
Define cellular adaptation and cell death. List the main types of cellular adaptation and forms of cell death with suitable examples.

Answer:
Cellular adaptation refers to reversible changes in cell structure or function in response to stress.

Types of cellular adaptation:

• Atrophy: Decrease in cell size (e.g., muscle wasting)

• Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size (e.g., cardiac muscle enlargement)

• Hyperplasia: Increase in cell number (e.g., endometrial hyperplasia)

• Metaplasia: Change from one cell type to another (e.g., squamous metaplasia in smokers)

Cell death:

• Apoptosis: Programmed cell death (physiological)

• Necrosis: Uncontrolled cell death (pathological)

Question:
Explain the process of inflammation and its systemic manifestations, including the role of chemical mediators and immune response.

Answer:
Inflammation is a protective response to injury or infection.

Process:

1. Vasodilation: Increased blood flow

2. Increased vascular permeability: Fluid leakage

3. Leukocyte migration: WBCs move to site of injury

Chemical mediators:

• Histamine (vasodilation)

• Prostaglandins (pain, fever)

• Cytokines (immune signaling)

Systemic manifestations:

• Fever

• Leukocytosis

• Increased ESR and CRP

• Malaise and fatigue. 

Question:
A patient with prolonged ischemia develops tissue necrosis. Apply your knowledge to explain the type of cell injury and mechanism involved.

Answer:
Prolonged ischemia leads to irreversible cell injury.

Mechanism:

• Reduced oxygen supply → ↓ ATP production

• Failure of ion pumps → cell swelling

• Calcium influx → enzyme activation

• Membrane damage → leakage of enzymes

• Leads to necrosis

Type of necrosis (example):

• Coagulative necrosis in heart (myocardial infarction)

Question:
Differentiate between benign and malignant tumors based on growth pattern, invasiveness, differentiation, and metastasis with examples.

Answer:

Feature	Benign Tumor	Malignant Tumor
Growth	Slow	Rapid
Differentiation	Well-differentiated	Poorly differentiated
Invasion	Non-invasive	Invasive
Metastasis	Absent	Present
Capsule	Usually present	Absent

Examples:

• Benign: Lipoma, Adenoma

• Malignant: Carcinoma, Sarcoma.

Question:
Evaluate the role of genetic factors in the development of neoplasia and justify how genetic mutations contribute to cancer progression.

Answer:
Genetic factors play a critical role in cancer development.

Key points:

• Oncogenes: Promote uncontrolled cell growth (e.g., RAS)

• Tumor suppressor genes: Loss leads to cancer (e.g., p53)

• DNA repair genes: Mutation causes genomic instability

Evaluation:

• Multiple mutations are required for cancer progression

• Both inherited and acquired mutations contribute

• Environmental factors interact with genetic predisposition

Explain inflammation and describe its cardinal signs. Discuss the physiological basis of each sign in brief.

Answer:

Inflammation is a protective response of living tissue to injury, infection, or irritation, aimed at eliminating the cause and initiating repair.

Cardinal Signs of Inflammation:

1. Redness (Rubor):
   Caused by vasodilation and increased blood flow to the affected area.
2. Heat (Calor):
   Due to increased blood circulation and metabolic activity at the site.
3. Swelling (Tumor):
   Result of accumulation of fluid (edema) due to increased vascular permeability.
4. Pain (Dolor):
   Caused by release of chemical mediators like prostaglandins and bradykinin that stimulate nerve endings.
5. Loss of Function (Functio laesa):
   Due to pain and swelling, leading to restricted movement of the affected part.

Conclusion:
Genetic mutations are central to neoplasia as they disrupt normal cell regulation, leading to uncontrolled proliferation and tumor progression.

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