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  Disseminated intravascular coagulation ( DIC ) is a condition in which blood clots form throughout the body, blocking small blood vessels . Symptoms may include chest pain , shortness of breath , leg pain, problems speaking, or problems moving parts of the body. As clotting factors and platelets are used up, bleeding may occur. This may include blood in the urine , blood in the stool , or bleeding into the skin.Complications may include organ failure . Diagnosis is typically based on blood tests .  Findings may include low platelets , low fibrinogen , high INR , or high D-dimer . Treatment is mainly directed towards the underlying condition. https://www.slideshare.net/girishpulapa/disseminated-intravascular-coagulation-36564315?qid=3081c27b-20d3-4fc6-b92c-2a2a9650e2bf&v=&b=&from_search=5   https://slideplayer.com/slide/4914646/?authuser=0 https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Ps4g7QeCud_VDYZkltd1fi3orHJMnYVT/view . .

In fibrinolysis, a fibrin clot, the product of coagulation , is broken down. Its main enzyme plasmin cuts the fibrin mesh at various places, leading to the production of circulating fragments that are cleared by other proteases or by the kidney and liver .    Mechanism or Physiology  Plasmin is produced in an inactive form, plasminogen , in the liver. Although plasminogen cannot cleave fibrin, it still has an affinity for it, and is incorporated into the clot when it is formed. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and urokinase are the agents that convert plasminogen to the active plasmin, thus allowing fibrinolysis to occur. t-PA is released into the blood slowly by the damaged endothelium of the blood vessels, such that, after several days (when the bleeding has stopped), the clot is broken down. This occurs because plasminogen became entrapped within the clot when it formed; as it is slowly activated, it breaks down the fibrin mesh. t-PA and urokinase a...

  Park’s Textbook of preventive and social medicine 25th edition The Park’s Textbook of preventive and social  medicine  is a book of PSM (Community Medicine) that is used by the medical students in their course. The detailed and lengthy book does haunt for sometimes, but then medicos get used to it. We have provided the links to the K Park Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine eBook in PDF Format for free download below. The book is must read for community medicine during the study since it is the most widely used book by medical students. The Epidemiology, Screening for disease, Epidemiology of communicable diseases and chronic non-communicable diseases are usually focused on the exams. Key Faetures : The Index starts with 22 Sections each featuring the chapters, in total in over 942 pages. The book is more closely related to medicine and is must read if you want to establish your base for medicine in the fourth year of mbbs. You will realize you have actually stud...

Abnormal Hemoglobin Hemoglobin abnormalities are the group of blood disorders that affect the normal functioning of the hemoglobin in the red blood cells. These are genetic disorders that results in the altered size and shape of the red blood cells, thereby decreasing the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. Hemoglobin is chains of iron-containing protein structures that comprises of alpha, beta, gamma and delta globin chains. Any change in the structure of the globin chains results in the occurrence of hemoglobin abnormalities. The common hemoglobin disorders include sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, and hemolytic anemia. Hemoglobin abnormalities is a global issue wherein 7% of the world’s population are carriers of the defective gene. Around 3- 5 lakh children are reported to be born with hemoglobin disorders each year with a large number of cases reported in low and middle-income countries. Signs and symptoms The common signs and symptoms of hemoglobin ...

Human hemoglobin is formed of two pairs of globin chains to each of which is attached one molecule of heme. Classification of Hemoglobin Variants    On human chromosomes, alpha type genes are located on human chromosomes No. 16 and beta type genes are clustered in human chromosome No.11. The globin chain genes have introns* between coding sequences which are removed after transcription during mRNA processing. Abnormalities in the primary sequence of globin chains would lead to hemoglobinopathies. Abnormalities in the rate of synthesis of hemoglobin would result in thalassemias.  * Introns are noncoding sections of an RNA transcript, or the DNA encoding it, that are spliced out before the RNA molecule is translated into a protein . The sections of DNA (or RNA) that code for proteins are called exons.   FUNCTION: They serve as hot spots for recombination in the formation of new combinations of exons . In other words, they are in our genes because they have been used ...

Formation of Hemoglobin Synthesis of hemoglobin begins in the pro-erythroblasts and continues even into the reticulocyte stage of the red blood cells.  However, hemoglobin appears in the intermediate noroblastic stage.Therefore, when reticulocytes leave the bone marrow and pass into the blood stream, they continue to form minute quantities of hemoglobin for another day or so until they become mature erythrocytes. Heme portion of the hemoglobin is synthesized in mitochondria and the globin part is synthesized in ribosomes.  The basic chemical steps in the formation of hemoglobin.   First, succinyl-CoA, formed in the Krebs metabolic cycle, binds with glycine to form a pyrrole molecule.  In turn, four pyrroles combine to form protoporphyrin IX, which then combines with iron to form the heme molecule.  Finally, each heme molecule combines with a long polypeptide chain, a globin synthesized by ribosomes, forming a subunit of hemoglobin called a hemoglobin chain....